Dr. Rachael Misan-Ruppee (left), and a fellow participant at the Second Part of the Fifth Session of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC-5.2), in Geneva, Switzerland
By Dr. Rachael Misan-Ruppee
As the world continues to grapple with the far-reaching consequences of plastic pollution, the recent second part of the fifth session of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC-5.2) in Geneva, Switzerland, provided a crucial opportunity for nations to come together, tackle the crisis head-on, and move closer towards a global solution. With over 3,700 participants from 184 member states and 619 organizations in attendance, the conference marked a defining moment in the ongoing struggle to protect our ecosystems, human health, and vulnerable populations from the devastating impacts of plastic pollution – a global crisis that demands collective action.
The opening remarks in the conference highlighted the urgency of addressing plastic pollution, underscoring its growing threat to our environment, economy, and public health. Suffice it to say that while plastic waste continues to flood our oceans, rivers, and landfills, it also infiltrates our food systems, poisons ecosystems, and harms species across the globe.
Dr. Rachael Misan-Ruppee (left), and a fellow participant at the Second Part of the Fifth Session of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC-5.2), in Geneva, Switzerland
Plastic pollution is not only an environmental concern but a health crisis—one that disproportionately affects the most vulnerable, including marginalized communities and women in conflict zones. Interestingly, the universal acknowledgment of the need for collective action was resounding at the conference, as delegates from across the globe rallied around the goal of creating a comprehensive treaty that would mitigate plastic pollution on a massive scale. As the conference progressed, a crucial takeaway in the discussions was the importance of not just addressing the environmental impacts, but also considering the social dimensions, particularly the roles of vulnerable communities and the need for a “just transition” for workers in plastic-dependent industries.
A TREATY WITH TEETH: FROM NEGOTIATION TO IMPLEMENTATION
The heart of the conference was the negotiation of a treaty to combat plastic pollution. For the first time, nations collectively agreed on the need for binding obligations to reduce plastic waste, along with provisions that would hold countries accountable in the task of meeting these targets. The political will to drive a change was palpably evident at the conference, and the complexities of negotiating a treaty that incorporates environmental, human rights, and health considerations were equally not overlooked. Perhaps, one of the most debated and necessary additions to the treaty was the inclusion of health provisions.
It is imperative to note that as plastic pollution continues to spread, so does its impact on human health. Health experts and concerned delegates collectively pushed for a detailed article on health impacts, particularly the effects of microplastics. However, not all delegates were in agreement. Some delegations, including those from India and Kazakhstan, argued that health issues should fall under the purview of specialized international organizations like the World Health Organization (WHO). The debate on whether to incorporate health provisions within the treaty or delegate them elsewhere remains an ongoing challenge.
Dr. Rachael Misan-Ruppee (left), and other participants at the Second Part of the Fifth Session of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC-5.2), in Geneva, Switzerland
INCLUSION AND JUSTICE: RECOGNIZING VULNERABLE COMMUNITIES
One of the standout features of the INC-5.2 session was the emphasis placed on inclusivity and justice.Countries such as Kenya and Brazil advocated for the inclusion of vulnerable communities, particularly workers in industries that rely heavily on plastic production. The transition away from plastic dependence could leave many without livelihoods, and the importance of a just transition was not lost on the negotiators. One of the key priorities was to ensure that the global response to plastic pollution did not further marginalize these communities.
The inclusion of Indigenous peoples and local communities in the negotiations also featured prominently. As noted, their voices, often sidelined in global discussions, are critical to shaping a treaty that is not just effective but equitable. The proposed treaty recognizes that indigenous peoples often bear the brunt of environmental degradation, and their rights to participate in decision-making are indispensable to achieving a sustainable and just solution.
THE ROAD AHEAD: FINANCING A GLOBAL AGREEMENT
Despite the significant progress made, there is still much work to be done. The conference’s goal of finalizing an effective and inclusive treaty by August 14, 2025, remains a lofty but achievable target. While the text of the treaty is far from complete, the momentum and commitment from delegations are evident. The treaty must not only address plastic production and waste but also create a robust framework for monitoring, enforcing, and financing the treaty’s commitments.
Dr. Rachael Misan-Ruppee (right), and other participants from around the world at the Second Part of the Fifth Session of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC-5.2), in Geneva, Switzerland
As negotiations continue, the need for transparency, inclusivity, and cooperation will remain paramount. It is vital that smaller delegations, particularly from developing nations, are given a platform to participate fully in the decision-making process. Furthermore, as the conference demonstrated, the influence of the fossil fuel industry—often a powerful player in shaping environmental policies—must not be allowed to undermine the treaty’s goals.
A GLOBAL RESPONSIBILITY
The INC-5.2 conference was more than just a series of negotiations—it was a demonstration of what is possible when the global community comes together with a shared vision. The stakes are high, but the potential for lasting change is greater. As we move forward, it is crucial that the political will, scientific innovation, and community-driven solutions combine to create a world where plastic pollution is no longer a looming crisis. This moment marks a turning point in the fight against plastic pollution.
The collaborative energy and shared commitment displayed in Geneva are proof that when we unite around a common cause, we can drive the change necessary to safeguard our planet for future generations. It is now time for all parties involved to finalize the treaty and ensure that plastic pollution becomes a problem of the past—one that future generations will no longer have to face. Dr. Rachael Misan-Ruppee was a participant at the second part of the fifth session of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC-5.2) in Geneva, Switzerland.